More information on this topic may be found in Section 5.4, "Induced Lactation," or in the Lactation Wikipedia Article. : 18–21 Īlthough traditionally, lactation occurs following pregnancy, lactation may also be induced with hormone therapy and nipple stimulation in the absence of pregnancy. This differs from the second stage of lactogenesis, which is regulated centrally (in the brain) by hormone feedback loops that naturally occur after the placenta is delivered. The third stage of milk production occurs gradually over several weeks, and is characterized by a full milk supply that is regulated locally (at the breast), predominately by the infant's demand for food. : 18–21 The birth of the baby and the placenta triggers the onset of the second stage of milk production, triggering the milk to come in over the next several days. The first stage takes place during pregnancy, allowing for the development of the breast and production of colostrum, the thick, early form of milk that is low in volume, but rich in nutrition. : 18–21 The process of milk production, termed lactogenesis, occurs in 3 stages. The size of the breast is not related to a mother's breastfeeding capability or the volume of milk she will produce. : 18–21 The ultimate size of the breasts is determined by the number of fat cells. Main articles: Lactation and Maternal physiological changes in pregnancyīreast development starts in puberty with the growth of ducts, fat cells, and connective tissue. Smoking tobacco and consuming limited amounts of alcohol and/or coffee are not reasons to avoid breastfeeding. : 17 Current evidence indicates that it is unlikely that COVID-19 can be transmitted through breast milk. Mothers who take certain recreational drugs should not breastfeed, however, most medications are compatible with breastfeeding. : 55, 63–67 Medical conditions that do not allow breastfeeding are rare. When direct breastfeeding is not possible, expressing or pumping to empty the breasts can help mothers avoid plugged milk ducts and breast infection, maintain their milk supply, resolve engorgement, and provide milk to be fed to their infant at a later time. : 50–51 Older children may feed less often. : 50–51 However, as milk supply increases and the infant becomes more efficient at feeding, the duration of feeds may shorten. įeedings may last as long as 30–45 minutes each as milk supply develops and the infant learns the Suck-Swallow-Breathe pattern. : 13 Breastfeeding is less expensive than infant formula, but its impact on mothers' ability to earn an income is not usually factored into calculations comparing the two feeding methods. : 83 Long-term benefits for the mother include decreased risk of breast cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and rheumatoid arthritis. Breastfeeding delays the return of menstruation, and in very specific circumstances, fertility, a phenomenon known as lactational amenorrhea. īenefits for the mother include less blood loss following delivery, better contraction of the uterus, and a decreased risk of postpartum depression. Breastfeeding may also improve cognitive development and decrease the risk of obesity in adulthood. : 13 Other benefits have been proposed to include lower risks of asthma, food allergies, and diabetes. Breastfeeding decreases the risk of respiratory tract infections, ear infections, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), and diarrhea for the baby, both in developing and developed countries. Increased breastfeeding to near-universal levels in low and medium income countries could prevent approximately 820,000 deaths of children under the age of five annually. īreastfeeding has a number of benefits to both mother and baby that infant formula lacks. Of the 135 million babies born every year, only 42% are breastfed within the first hour of life, only 38% of mothers practice exclusive breastfeeding during the first six months, and 58% of mothers continue breastfeeding up to the age of two years and beyond. WHO recommends exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of life, followed by continued breastfeeding with appropriate complementary foods for up to 2 years and beyond. This means that no other foods or drinks, other than vitamin D, are typically given. Health organizations, including the WHO, recommend breastfeeding exclusively for six months. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that breastfeeding begin within the first hour of a baby's life and continue as often and as much as the baby wants. Breast milk may be from the breast, or may be pumped and fed to the infant. For other uses, see Suckling (disambiguation).Ī baby breastfeeding Video summary of article with scriptīreastfeeding, or nursing, is the process by which human breast milk is fed to a child.
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